P6.
vinyl
KK [ˋvaɪnɪl] DJ [ˋvainil]
【化】乙烯基
chloride
KK [ˋklɔraɪd] DJ [ˋklɔ:raid]
【化】氯化物[U][C]
變化形 名複chlorides
styrene
KK [ˋstaɪrin] DJ [ˋstairi:n]
1. 【化】苯乙烯
acrylics
KK [əˋkrɪlɪks] DJ [əˋkriliks]
丙烯畫
celluloid
KK [ˋsɛljə͵lɔɪd] DJ [ˋselju͵lɔid]
Substitute ( a , n , v)
替代; 作代替者[(+for/as)]
Only art can substitute for nature. 唯有藝術能代替自然。
He substitutes as our teacher of English. 他代任我們的英語教師。
malleable
KK [ˋmælɪəb!] DJ [ˋmæliəbəl]
1. 展延性的
synthetic
KK [sɪnˋθɛtɪk] DJ [sinˋθetik]
1. 綜合(性)的
P.92
mirage
KK [məˋrɑʒ] DJ [miˋrɑ:ʒ]
1. 海市蜃樓
2011年11月23日 星期三
2011年11月16日 星期三
Whom , for whom 的用法
http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=607692
Who did you buy it for? is what most people would say and is standard English.
Whom did you buy it for? is the formal way of saying it.
To understand who and whom, you only need to remember a simple rule: if whom is alone, that typically means that a preposition is implied: "for" whom.
Prepositions come before whom most of the time.
of whom
for whom
to whom
by whom
of whom is calling.. yada yada..
To satisfy my own curiosity, I used on-line versions of A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist to find out exactly what Dickens did.
At no time did he ever split "whom" from a preposition. This simply supports the opinion that you and I seem to share: In formal register, if "whom" must be used, it is safest to "go all the way". Don't separate "whom" from it's preposition.
Use: For whom did you buy it?
In relaxed conversation, any of these might be heard from well-educated people:
1) For whom did you buy it?
2) Whom did you buy it for?
3) Who did you buy it for?
My personal preference is to use either one or three. I would save one for formal writing.
I think this is fairly common in AE.
In BE I believe that two also happens surprisingly often in relaxed situations. I hope we will get more feedback from other members on the other side of The Pond.
Gaer
Curious - I haven't analysed whom-use in this much detail before and I am rather suspect I'm now going to appear inconsistent.
I would never use something like (2).
I would normally say (3) - there is something strange about starting a sentence with whom.
I might say (1) if feeling whimsical.
I don't use direct speech in writing - well, very seldom. But even then I can't imagine using (2).
Maybe I need to wander off for another think about this.
Last edited by panjandrum; 10th August 2007 at 07:54 PM.
I think this is because you instinctively sense that (2) is "neither fish nor fowl".
Here is part of it, I perhaps:
"You are the only person with whom I've shared these personal feelings."
I might say that to someone very close because it's rather intense. There is nothing informal about the thought.
But I think even there I would be more likely to say:
"You are the only person I've shared these personal feelings with."
This structure is by no means rare in the writing of people from the 1800s, and that was the point of the Dicken's sentence I mentioned in the "Help with prepositions - Up with which I will not put?" thread:
Dickens: The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point I started from.
Now, if Dickens' had used "which", then he would have flipped to the other structure:
Not Dickens: The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point from which I started.
These are simply to different ways of using English, and my instinct tells me that one is influenced by Latin (forced by grammarians), but the other is just as correct and perhaps predates the other.
So when you use the "who omitting" phrase:
"You are the only person I've shared these personal feelings with."
I think you instinctively use "who" if you add it without changing the structure:
"You are the only person who I've shared these personal feelings with."
This is why I think that it sounds "forced" to use "whom" when the preposition goes to the end. It's just a theory, but it seems to match with what I heard and see on both sides of The Pond.
Gaer
She is a teacher than whom no one is more patient. ＝ She is a teacher whom (who) no one is more patient than. 只是把介系詞than在附屬子句（形容詞子句當修飾語）前後移動而已，不影響句子的意思和文法。
類以的句子還有：
I wonder to whom he's talking. = I wonder who (whom) he's talking to.
I don't know to whom to give it. = I don't know who (whom) to give it to.
To whom did you give it? = Whom (who) did you give it to?
To whom did the detective show his badge? = Who (whom) did the detective show his badge to?
Who did you buy it for? is what most people would say and is standard English.
Whom did you buy it for? is the formal way of saying it.
To understand who and whom, you only need to remember a simple rule: if whom is alone, that typically means that a preposition is implied: "for" whom.
Prepositions come before whom most of the time.
of whom
for whom
to whom
by whom
of whom is calling.. yada yada..
To satisfy my own curiosity, I used on-line versions of A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist to find out exactly what Dickens did.
At no time did he ever split "whom" from a preposition. This simply supports the opinion that you and I seem to share: In formal register, if "whom" must be used, it is safest to "go all the way". Don't separate "whom" from it's preposition.
Use: For whom did you buy it?
In relaxed conversation, any of these might be heard from well-educated people:
1) For whom did you buy it?
2) Whom did you buy it for?
3) Who did you buy it for?
My personal preference is to use either one or three. I would save one for formal writing.
I think this is fairly common in AE.
In BE I believe that two also happens surprisingly often in relaxed situations. I hope we will get more feedback from other members on the other side of The Pond.
Gaer
Curious - I haven't analysed whom-use in this much detail before and I am rather suspect I'm now going to appear inconsistent.
I would never use something like (2).
I would normally say (3) - there is something strange about starting a sentence with whom.
I might say (1) if feeling whimsical.
I don't use direct speech in writing - well, very seldom. But even then I can't imagine using (2).
Maybe I need to wander off for another think about this.
Last edited by panjandrum; 10th August 2007 at 07:54 PM.
I think this is because you instinctively sense that (2) is "neither fish nor fowl".
Here is part of it, I perhaps:
"You are the only person with whom I've shared these personal feelings."
I might say that to someone very close because it's rather intense. There is nothing informal about the thought.
But I think even there I would be more likely to say:
"You are the only person I've shared these personal feelings with."
This structure is by no means rare in the writing of people from the 1800s, and that was the point of the Dicken's sentence I mentioned in the "Help with prepositions - Up with which I will not put?" thread:
Dickens: The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point I started from.
Now, if Dickens' had used "which", then he would have flipped to the other structure:
Not Dickens: The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point from which I started.
These are simply to different ways of using English, and my instinct tells me that one is influenced by Latin (forced by grammarians), but the other is just as correct and perhaps predates the other.
So when you use the "who omitting" phrase:
"You are the only person I've shared these personal feelings with."
I think you instinctively use "who" if you add it without changing the structure:
"You are the only person who I've shared these personal feelings with."
This is why I think that it sounds "forced" to use "whom" when the preposition goes to the end. It's just a theory, but it seems to match with what I heard and see on both sides of The Pond.
Gaer
She is a teacher than whom no one is more patient. ＝ She is a teacher whom (who) no one is more patient than. 只是把介系詞than在附屬子句（形容詞子句當修飾語）前後移動而已，不影響句子的意思和文法。
類以的句子還有：
I wonder to whom he's talking. = I wonder who (whom) he's talking to.
I don't know to whom to give it. = I don't know who (whom) to give it to.
To whom did you give it? = Whom (who) did you give it to?
To whom did the detective show his badge? = Who (whom) did the detective show his badge to?
2011年10月29日 星期六
Begin & start 的用法
基本上start 和begin 意義及用法相同. 兩者都可以接不定詞或動名詞:
They will start working on the project soon.
Let’s begin reading the book.
但start 比較強調啟始 ,啟動的概念; begin指比較自然, 順理成章的開始. 下列四句是start 和begin較合宜的用法. 但若把句中start 換成begin或begin換成start意義差別不大:
The play begins at eight o'clock.
I began to understand the whole thing.
Next week I'll start to learn English
He started to talk after a cup of coffee.
雖說在當代英語中, start 和begin 意義及用法有漸趨一致的傾向. 但下列各句中的start則決對不能用begin置換:
We will stay on the platform until the train starts. (開動)
John’s father started the company. (創始)
I could not start my car this morning. (發動)
Push the green button to start the machine. (啟動)
They will start working on the project soon.
Let’s begin reading the book.
但start 比較強調啟始 ,啟動的概念; begin指比較自然, 順理成章的開始. 下列四句是start 和begin較合宜的用法. 但若把句中start 換成begin或begin換成start意義差別不大:
The play begins at eight o'clock.
I began to understand the whole thing.
Next week I'll start to learn English
He started to talk after a cup of coffee.
雖說在當代英語中, start 和begin 意義及用法有漸趨一致的傾向. 但下列各句中的start則決對不能用begin置換:
We will stay on the platform until the train starts. (開動)
John’s father started the company. (創始)
I could not start my car this morning. (發動)
Push the green button to start the machine. (啟動)
2011年10月7日 星期五
大坪頂 Louise & Vivian - Every day Idioms
Writer: CaseryMalarcher
Book name: Illustrated Every day Idioms with stories
Book name: Illustrated Every day Idioms with stories
2011年9月28日 星期三
on weekends, at weekends, at the weekend
Posted: Thursday, February 10, 2011 11:50:20 AM
Rank: Advanced Member
Joined: 7/25/2010
Posts: 2,248
Points: 6,729
Location: Greece - again
srkdr68 wrote:
I usually visit my friends 'at weekends' or `on weekends'.Which is correct?
"at weekends" is BE and "on weekends" is AE. Both are correct, just depends on your audience or which you usually use.
Edit: I would rather say "at the weekend" too.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Ignorant men don't know what good they hold in their hands until they've flung it away." - Sophocles
Back to top
Rank: Advanced Member
Joined: 7/25/2010
Posts: 2,248
Points: 6,729
Location: Greece - again
srkdr68 wrote:
I usually visit my friends 'at weekends' or `on weekends'.Which is correct?
"at weekends" is BE and "on weekends" is AE. Both are correct, just depends on your audience or which you usually use.
Edit: I would rather say "at the weekend" too.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Ignorant men don't know what good they hold in their hands until they've flung it away." - Sophocles
Back to top
2011年8月2日 星期二
that 用法 & 考題
下列 五 種情形 一定要用 that
1) who , which 開頭的問句
2) the first, the scond ...the last
3) 先行詞是 人 和 動物 或 物 品
4) the adj. 最高級 ... that
5) the only, all, no, every, very , same + noun + that
1. Who is the woman that you met yesterday?
2. He is the last person that I want to see now.
3. The boy and the dog that play in the park every day seem to get along well.
4. He is the only one that can answer this question.
5. I still remember every thing that my father told me.
The is the same PDA that I lost yesterday.
There's just no one that gets me like you do. 再也沒人像你這樣懂我
…the first/ second/…..
… the+ adj.-est….
…. The very/ same/ last /only… all/no/ every/ any
Who/ which/ what +v
以上結構 + n + that ….
1. Helen is th most talented singer that I have eer seen.
2. He is the only one that can answer the question.
During our stay in Kyoto , we visited the very museum that Cindy recommended
It is generally believed that human beings are the only crater that can speak
and think.
This is the same PDA that I lost yesterday.
All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的不都是金子。
考題:
1. He is the richest man ___ I know.
2. I have the same trouble ___ you have.
3. Who is the woman _____ you met yesterday?
4. He is the last person _____ I want to see now.
5. The boy and the dog _____ play in the park every day seem to get along well.
6. He is the only one ______ can answer this question.
7. I still remember every thing _____ my father told me.
8. The is the same PDA ______ I lost yesterday.
9. There's just no one that gets me like you do.
10. Helen is th most talented singer _____ I have eer seen.
11. He is the only one ____ can answer the question.
12. During our stay in Kyoto , we visited the very museum _____ Cindy recommended
13. It is generally believed that human beings are the only creatre ____ can speak and think.
14. This is the same PDA _____I lost yesterday.
1) who , which 開頭的問句
2) the first, the scond ...the last
3) 先行詞是 人 和 動物 或 物 品
4) the adj. 最高級 ... that
5) the only, all, no, every, very , same + noun + that
1. Who is the woman that you met yesterday?
2. He is the last person that I want to see now.
3. The boy and the dog that play in the park every day seem to get along well.
4. He is the only one that can answer this question.
5. I still remember every thing that my father told me.
The is the same PDA that I lost yesterday.
There's just no one that gets me like you do. 再也沒人像你這樣懂我
…the first/ second/…..
… the+ adj.-est….
…. The very/ same/ last /only… all/no/ every/ any
Who/ which/ what +v
以上結構 + n + that ….
1. Helen is th most talented singer that I have eer seen.
2. He is the only one that can answer the question.
During our stay in Kyoto , we visited the very museum that Cindy recommended
It is generally believed that human beings are the only crater that can speak
and think.
This is the same PDA that I lost yesterday.
All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的不都是金子。
考題:
1. He is the richest man ___ I know.
2. I have the same trouble ___ you have.
3. Who is the woman _____ you met yesterday?
4. He is the last person _____ I want to see now.
5. The boy and the dog _____ play in the park every day seem to get along well.
6. He is the only one ______ can answer this question.
7. I still remember every thing _____ my father told me.
8. The is the same PDA ______ I lost yesterday.
9. There's just no one that gets me like you do.
10. Helen is th most talented singer _____ I have eer seen.
11. He is the only one ____ can answer the question.
12. During our stay in Kyoto , we visited the very museum _____ Cindy recommended
13. It is generally believed that human beings are the only creatre ____ can speak and think.
14. This is the same PDA _____I lost yesterday.
給 Tina 的 考題
A& B 的對話, 請完成
A: Most of the teachers who work at my school are very unhappy.
B: What’s the reason ____ their unhappiness?
A: They are unhappy with working conditions.
B: Is there any solution ____ to this problem?
A: Well, they are making demands ___ better working conditions.
B: What are they asking ______ ?
A: They want a decrease ____ the hours they work.
B: That seems fair. Do they want anything else?
A: They also want a rise ____ pay.
B: Do you think they’ll get what they want?
A: If they don’t there may be some effect ____ the teaching at the school.
B: More people should be told about the teacher’s problems.
A: Well, there is going to be a news report about it _____ television tonight.
B: Are any of the teachers going to appear on the news ?
A: Yes, they are going to give an explanation ____ their feelings.
B: That’s good. There will probably be reports ____ the newspapers too,
then everyone will understand the problem.
介係詞和名詞
1) 不同名詞之後需要不同的介系詞
an effect / an influence on
a reason / a need/ a demand for
an increase/ a decrease /a rise /a fall in
a key / an answer/ a solution/ a reaction to
an example/ an explanation/ a cause of
a book/ a painting by
2) 有的名詞習慣跟在特定介系詞之後
Go for a walk/ a run / a meal
On the television/ on the radio
In a magazine/ book/ newspaper
By accident/ by mistake
By bus/ car/ taxi/ train/ plane/ ship
1. I don’t agree ___ hitting children. I think it is wrong.
2. Everyone _____ the couple _____ their new baby.
3. No-one ____ Carol’s jokes. She is not very funny.
4. My father _____ the weather ____ his bad health.
5. Every night I dream ____ being rich and famous.
6. I don’t believe ____ luck, just hard work.
7. My paretns tried to stop me _____ becoming an actor.
8. The song reminds me ____ a holiday I had in Japan.
9. Don’t listen ____ him. He’s a liar.
10. Never borrow a lot of money _____ your friends.
11. I always laugh ___ funny films.
帶介係詞的動詞
1. 不同的動詞之後需要不同的介系詞
Listen to
Apologize for
Believe in
Laugh at
Dream of/ about
Agree with
2. 有的動詞要先接受詞 再接介系詞
Borrow 某物 from 某人
Congratulate 某人 on 某事
Explain 某事 to 某人
Blame 某人 for 某事
Remind 某人 about 某事
Remind 某人 of 某事
Stop/ prevent 某事/某人 from V-ing
1. Your English will be much better than me if you never give up your English.
==> Your English will be much better than me if you never .
2. There's trash everywhere. Let's pick up all the trash.
==> There's trash everywhere. Let's .
3. It's 6:30 now. You can wake up the two children, or they'll be late for school.
==> It's 6:30 now. You can , or they'll be late for school.
4. It's cold today. Don't take off your jacket and sweater, or you will perhaps catch a cold.
==> It's cold today. Don't , or you will perhaps catch a cold.
5. Would you please put down the books in your hands and come to help me?
==> Would you please in your hands and come to help me?
想想看二：請將下列各句，翻譯成英文。[ 核對答案 ]
1. 請把水關掉。
2. 是誰把它們拿走的？
3. 最後，Martin 先生在公園的一棵樹下找到他兒子腳踏車。
4. 我需要桌燈，請幫我把它打開。（有兩句）
5. 她不懂這個字，所以要我用字典查一下。
*****
動詞片語 Quiz
Find it out：找到 get it back：取回 ,give it up：放棄
look it up：查閱 ,pick it up：檢起來 ,put it down：放下
put it on：穿（戴）上 ,take it away：拿開；拿走
take it off：脫掉 , turn it on：開（開關）,turn it off：關（開關）
wake him up：叫醒
1. Don’t forget to bring a coke Sue.
2. You can get the Internet and find useful information you need.
3. Thank you your help. I can go on vacation tomorrow.
4. We should wait them before we go home.
5. Parents usually care their children.
6. The house belongs that woman over there.
7. You have to fill the bottle water, not oil.
8. Everyone dreams traveling around the world.
9. Please call me when you arrive Taichung.
10. Finally, he lent some money the poor man.
11. The dog often barks the children, so they are afraid of it.
12. After finishing the work, I'll take a plane and leave America.
13. Mary can't play well so the boys laugh her.
14. Get the train quickly. It'll leave in ten minutes.
15. Would you please help me to look my key? I can't remember where I put it.
16. Look the picture carefully. Where are the two cats? Can you find them?
17. When the policeman arrived, he looked the house everywhere first, and
then he asked Mr.Jason many questions.
18. I borrowed some books the school library because I want to read them on
the weekend.
19. Have you prepared the test tomorrow?
20. Father likes to take us the mountains on holidays.
21. The only way to learn English well is not to give easily.
22. Stop knocking the table. This is a library. You should keep quiet.
23. I always look my sister when my mom is not at home.
24. I like to listen music when I'm free.
25. You can take your coat. The weather is getting warmer.
26. I can't see clearly, so I have to put my glasses.
27. Mon asks me to take an umbrella me because it looks like rain.
28. It’s a good habit to turn ____ the lights before you go to bed.
29. Mary usually sends a card her mother on Mother's Day.
30. The Chen family moved Taoyuan last month.
31. Yesterday, when a dog tried to attack (攻擊) Ben, he picked a stone and
threw at it.
整理：雙賓動詞配合的介係詞
練習三、依提示完成句子
例：a letter, my sister / I wrote…last week.
＝ I wrote my sister a letter last week. ＝ I wrote a letter to my sister last week.
1. some money, Jessica / He lent…last month
＝
＝
2. a package, your parents / Please send…soon
＝
＝
3. the class, a joke / The teacher told…today.
＝
＝
A: Most of the teachers who work at my school are very unhappy.
B: What’s the reason ____ their unhappiness?
A: They are unhappy with working conditions.
B: Is there any solution ____ to this problem?
A: Well, they are making demands ___ better working conditions.
B: What are they asking ______ ?
A: They want a decrease ____ the hours they work.
B: That seems fair. Do they want anything else?
A: They also want a rise ____ pay.
B: Do you think they’ll get what they want?
A: If they don’t there may be some effect ____ the teaching at the school.
B: More people should be told about the teacher’s problems.
A: Well, there is going to be a news report about it _____ television tonight.
B: Are any of the teachers going to appear on the news ?
A: Yes, they are going to give an explanation ____ their feelings.
B: That’s good. There will probably be reports ____ the newspapers too,
then everyone will understand the problem.
介係詞和名詞
1) 不同名詞之後需要不同的介系詞
an effect / an influence on
a reason / a need/ a demand for
an increase/ a decrease /a rise /a fall in
a key / an answer/ a solution/ a reaction to
an example/ an explanation/ a cause of
a book/ a painting by
2) 有的名詞習慣跟在特定介系詞之後
Go for a walk/ a run / a meal
On the television/ on the radio
In a magazine/ book/ newspaper
By accident/ by mistake
By bus/ car/ taxi/ train/ plane/ ship
1. I don’t agree ___ hitting children. I think it is wrong.
2. Everyone _____ the couple _____ their new baby.
3. No-one ____ Carol’s jokes. She is not very funny.
4. My father _____ the weather ____ his bad health.
5. Every night I dream ____ being rich and famous.
6. I don’t believe ____ luck, just hard work.
7. My paretns tried to stop me _____ becoming an actor.
8. The song reminds me ____ a holiday I had in Japan.
9. Don’t listen ____ him. He’s a liar.
10. Never borrow a lot of money _____ your friends.
11. I always laugh ___ funny films.
帶介係詞的動詞
1. 不同的動詞之後需要不同的介系詞
Listen to
Apologize for
Believe in
Laugh at
Dream of/ about
Agree with
2. 有的動詞要先接受詞 再接介系詞
Borrow 某物 from 某人
Congratulate 某人 on 某事
Explain 某事 to 某人
Blame 某人 for 某事
Remind 某人 about 某事
Remind 某人 of 某事
Stop/ prevent 某事/某人 from V-ing
1. Your English will be much better than me if you never give up your English.
==> Your English will be much better than me if you never .
2. There's trash everywhere. Let's pick up all the trash.
==> There's trash everywhere. Let's .
3. It's 6:30 now. You can wake up the two children, or they'll be late for school.
==> It's 6:30 now. You can , or they'll be late for school.
4. It's cold today. Don't take off your jacket and sweater, or you will perhaps catch a cold.
==> It's cold today. Don't , or you will perhaps catch a cold.
5. Would you please put down the books in your hands and come to help me?
==> Would you please in your hands and come to help me?
想想看二：請將下列各句，翻譯成英文。[ 核對答案 ]
1. 請把水關掉。
2. 是誰把它們拿走的？
3. 最後，Martin 先生在公園的一棵樹下找到他兒子腳踏車。
4. 我需要桌燈，請幫我把它打開。（有兩句）
5. 她不懂這個字，所以要我用字典查一下。
*****
動詞片語 Quiz
Find it out：找到 get it back：取回 ,give it up：放棄
look it up：查閱 ,pick it up：檢起來 ,put it down：放下
put it on：穿（戴）上 ,take it away：拿開；拿走
take it off：脫掉 , turn it on：開（開關）,turn it off：關（開關）
wake him up：叫醒
1. Don’t forget to bring a coke Sue.
2. You can get the Internet and find useful information you need.
3. Thank you your help. I can go on vacation tomorrow.
4. We should wait them before we go home.
5. Parents usually care their children.
6. The house belongs that woman over there.
7. You have to fill the bottle water, not oil.
8. Everyone dreams traveling around the world.
9. Please call me when you arrive Taichung.
10. Finally, he lent some money the poor man.
11. The dog often barks the children, so they are afraid of it.
12. After finishing the work, I'll take a plane and leave America.
13. Mary can't play well so the boys laugh her.
14. Get the train quickly. It'll leave in ten minutes.
15. Would you please help me to look my key? I can't remember where I put it.
16. Look the picture carefully. Where are the two cats? Can you find them?
17. When the policeman arrived, he looked the house everywhere first, and
then he asked Mr.Jason many questions.
18. I borrowed some books the school library because I want to read them on
the weekend.
19. Have you prepared the test tomorrow?
20. Father likes to take us the mountains on holidays.
21. The only way to learn English well is not to give easily.
22. Stop knocking the table. This is a library. You should keep quiet.
23. I always look my sister when my mom is not at home.
24. I like to listen music when I'm free.
25. You can take your coat. The weather is getting warmer.
26. I can't see clearly, so I have to put my glasses.
27. Mon asks me to take an umbrella me because it looks like rain.
28. It’s a good habit to turn ____ the lights before you go to bed.
29. Mary usually sends a card her mother on Mother's Day.
30. The Chen family moved Taoyuan last month.
31. Yesterday, when a dog tried to attack (攻擊) Ben, he picked a stone and
threw at it.
整理：雙賓動詞配合的介係詞
練習三、依提示完成句子
例：a letter, my sister / I wrote…last week.
＝ I wrote my sister a letter last week. ＝ I wrote a letter to my sister last week.
1. some money, Jessica / He lent…last month
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＝
2. a package, your parents / Please send…soon
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＝
3. the class, a joke / The teacher told…today.
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