P6.
vinyl
KK [ˋvaɪnɪl] DJ [ˋvainil]
【化】乙烯基
chloride
KK [ˋklɔraɪd] DJ [ˋklɔ:raid]
【化】氯化物[U][C]
變化形 名複chlorides
styrene
KK [ˋstaɪrin] DJ [ˋstairi:n]
1. 【化】苯乙烯
acrylics
KK [əˋkrɪlɪks] DJ [əˋkriliks]
丙烯畫
celluloid
KK [ˋsɛljə͵lɔɪd] DJ [ˋselju͵lɔid]
Substitute ( a , n , v)
替代; 作代替者[(+for/as)]
Only art can substitute for nature. 唯有藝術能代替自然。
He substitutes as our teacher of English. 他代任我們的英語教師。
malleable
KK [ˋmælɪəb!] DJ [ˋmæliəbəl]
1. 展延性的
synthetic
KK [sɪnˋθɛtɪk] DJ [sinˋθetik]
1. 綜合(性)的
P.92
mirage
KK [məˋrɑʒ] DJ [miˋrɑ:ʒ]
1. 海市蜃樓
2011年11月23日 星期三
2011年11月16日 星期三
Whom , for whom 的用法
http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=607692
Who did you buy it for? is what most people would say and is standard English.
Whom did you buy it for? is the formal way of saying it.
To understand who and whom, you only need to remember a simple rule: if whom is alone, that typically means that a preposition is implied: "for" whom.
Prepositions come before whom most of the time.
of whom
for whom
to whom
by whom
of whom is calling.. yada yada..
To satisfy my own curiosity, I used on-line versions of A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist to find out exactly what Dickens did.
At no time did he ever split "whom" from a preposition. This simply supports the opinion that you and I seem to share: In formal register, if "whom" must be used, it is safest to "go all the way". Don't separate "whom" from it's preposition.
Use: For whom did you buy it?
In relaxed conversation, any of these might be heard from well-educated people:
1) For whom did you buy it?
2) Whom did you buy it for?
3) Who did you buy it for?
My personal preference is to use either one or three. I would save one for formal writing.
I think this is fairly common in AE.
In BE I believe that two also happens surprisingly often in relaxed situations. I hope we will get more feedback from other members on the other side of The Pond.
Gaer
Curious - I haven't analysed whom-use in this much detail before and I am rather suspect I'm now going to appear inconsistent.
I would never use something like (2).
I would normally say (3) - there is something strange about starting a sentence with whom.
I might say (1) if feeling whimsical.
I don't use direct speech in writing - well, very seldom. But even then I can't imagine using (2).
Maybe I need to wander off for another think about this.
Last edited by panjandrum; 10th August 2007 at 07:54 PM.
I think this is because you instinctively sense that (2) is "neither fish nor fowl".
Here is part of it, I perhaps:
"You are the only person with whom I've shared these personal feelings."
I might say that to someone very close because it's rather intense. There is nothing informal about the thought.
But I think even there I would be more likely to say:
"You are the only person I've shared these personal feelings with."
This structure is by no means rare in the writing of people from the 1800s, and that was the point of the Dicken's sentence I mentioned in the "Help with prepositions - Up with which I will not put?" thread:
Dickens: The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point I started from.
Now, if Dickens' had used "which", then he would have flipped to the other structure:
Not Dickens: The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point from which I started.
These are simply to different ways of using English, and my instinct tells me that one is influenced by Latin (forced by grammarians), but the other is just as correct and perhaps predates the other.
So when you use the "who omitting" phrase:
"You are the only person I've shared these personal feelings with."
I think you instinctively use "who" if you add it without changing the structure:
"You are the only person who I've shared these personal feelings with."
This is why I think that it sounds "forced" to use "whom" when the preposition goes to the end. It's just a theory, but it seems to match with what I heard and see on both sides of The Pond.
Gaer
She is a teacher than whom no one is more patient. ＝ She is a teacher whom (who) no one is more patient than. 只是把介系詞than在附屬子句（形容詞子句當修飾語）前後移動而已，不影響句子的意思和文法。
類以的句子還有：
I wonder to whom he's talking. = I wonder who (whom) he's talking to.
I don't know to whom to give it. = I don't know who (whom) to give it to.
To whom did you give it? = Whom (who) did you give it to?
To whom did the detective show his badge? = Who (whom) did the detective show his badge to?
Who did you buy it for? is what most people would say and is standard English.
Whom did you buy it for? is the formal way of saying it.
To understand who and whom, you only need to remember a simple rule: if whom is alone, that typically means that a preposition is implied: "for" whom.
Prepositions come before whom most of the time.
of whom
for whom
to whom
by whom
of whom is calling.. yada yada..
To satisfy my own curiosity, I used on-line versions of A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist to find out exactly what Dickens did.
At no time did he ever split "whom" from a preposition. This simply supports the opinion that you and I seem to share: In formal register, if "whom" must be used, it is safest to "go all the way". Don't separate "whom" from it's preposition.
Use: For whom did you buy it?
In relaxed conversation, any of these might be heard from well-educated people:
1) For whom did you buy it?
2) Whom did you buy it for?
3) Who did you buy it for?
My personal preference is to use either one or three. I would save one for formal writing.
I think this is fairly common in AE.
In BE I believe that two also happens surprisingly often in relaxed situations. I hope we will get more feedback from other members on the other side of The Pond.
Gaer
Curious - I haven't analysed whom-use in this much detail before and I am rather suspect I'm now going to appear inconsistent.
I would never use something like (2).
I would normally say (3) - there is something strange about starting a sentence with whom.
I might say (1) if feeling whimsical.
I don't use direct speech in writing - well, very seldom. But even then I can't imagine using (2).
Maybe I need to wander off for another think about this.
Last edited by panjandrum; 10th August 2007 at 07:54 PM.
I think this is because you instinctively sense that (2) is "neither fish nor fowl".
Here is part of it, I perhaps:
"You are the only person with whom I've shared these personal feelings."
I might say that to someone very close because it's rather intense. There is nothing informal about the thought.
But I think even there I would be more likely to say:
"You are the only person I've shared these personal feelings with."
This structure is by no means rare in the writing of people from the 1800s, and that was the point of the Dicken's sentence I mentioned in the "Help with prepositions - Up with which I will not put?" thread:
Dickens: The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point I started from.
Now, if Dickens' had used "which", then he would have flipped to the other structure:
Not Dickens: The mention of Marley's funeral brings me back to the point from which I started.
These are simply to different ways of using English, and my instinct tells me that one is influenced by Latin (forced by grammarians), but the other is just as correct and perhaps predates the other.
So when you use the "who omitting" phrase:
"You are the only person I've shared these personal feelings with."
I think you instinctively use "who" if you add it without changing the structure:
"You are the only person who I've shared these personal feelings with."
This is why I think that it sounds "forced" to use "whom" when the preposition goes to the end. It's just a theory, but it seems to match with what I heard and see on both sides of The Pond.
Gaer
She is a teacher than whom no one is more patient. ＝ She is a teacher whom (who) no one is more patient than. 只是把介系詞than在附屬子句（形容詞子句當修飾語）前後移動而已，不影響句子的意思和文法。
類以的句子還有：
I wonder to whom he's talking. = I wonder who (whom) he's talking to.
I don't know to whom to give it. = I don't know who (whom) to give it to.
To whom did you give it? = Whom (who) did you give it to?
To whom did the detective show his badge? = Who (whom) did the detective show his badge to?
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